Between 1798 and 1943, Rome experienced a republican revolution, a Napoleonic occupation, a papal restoration, another republican revolution, another papal restoration, the seizure of Rome from the Pope by the new Italian nation state, the crisis of Italy's Liberal period, and finally the rise of Mussolini's Fascist regime followed by World War II. This course will track these changes as they played out in the form of architectural and urban transformations – in a period when Rome was substantially rebuilt, its population massively enlarged, and its core meanings aggressively redefined by successive governments.